Technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution

In this section of the website we introduce the Fourth Industrial Revolution and, in particular, the technologies that comprise it, drive and develop it. Over the coming months and years we will continue to develop this section, in particular we will include: examples of the various technologies in action; links to ACP supporting companies that utilise these technologies and the jobs involved; answers to frequently asked questions; potential developments from 2020 to 2050; links to our ‘Articles of Interest’ that go into more detail concerning each technology and its uses; and other relevant information and links as they arise such as comments by individuals within the aerospace industry employing those technologies.

But first, what is the fourth industrial revolution, and what were the first, second and third? And for that matter, is there the beginning of a fifth revolution?

1.0

The First Industrial Revolution (IR 1.0)

This revolution occurred in the late 18th and early 19th centuries starting in the UK. Key features were:

Mechanization: For the first time, mechanical labour replaced some animal or human labour.
Emergence of New Machines: New machines required significant labour and energy to operate, leading to the creation of industrial cities specializing in steel, textiles and tools.
Geographical Impact: These industrial cities were often located near energy sources like coal fields and waterfalls or well-connected to transportation networks.
Significance: Accelerated development in industrializing nations, leading to divergence between industrial and non-industrial economies.

2.0

The Second Industrial Revolution (IR 2.0)

Occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Key features were:

Mass Production: The principle of mass production along assembly lines scaled-up manufacturing output.
Electrification: Electric power played a crucial role in creating modern telecommunication systems (telegraphs, radios, telephones, and later, televisions).
Market Expansion: Railways and steamships facilitated long-distance transport, expanding market reach for manufacturing.
Impact: Further specialization and interdependence in manufacturing.

3.0

The Third Industrial Revolution (IR 3.0)

Took place in the latter part of the 20th century. Notable developments were:

Automation: Manufacturing processes became increasingly automated using machines capable of repeating tasks under defined parameters.
Information Technologies: The digital computer and convergence with information technologies led to the formation of the Internet.
Globalization: Trade liberalization, lower transport costs (thanks to containerization), and minimized labour input costs reshaped the manufacturing landscape.
Transformation: Enabled space expeditions, research, biotechnology, and interconnected global systems.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), also known as Industry 4.0, refers to a new era of development where digital, physical, and biological systems converge, fundamentally transforming industries, economies, and societies. Coined in 2016 by Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum (WEF), 4IR is characterized by the convergence and complementarity of emerging technology domains, including nanotechnology, biotechnology, new materials, and advanced digital production technologies. This wave of change in the manufacturing sector began in the mid-2010s and holds significant potential for operations and the future of production. Key components of Industry 4.0 include:

Connectivity, Data, and Computational Power

5G Technology

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Blockchain & Cryptocurrency

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Cloud Computing and Edge Computing

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The Internet of Things (IoT)

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Quantum Computing

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Analytics and Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

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Big Data & Predictive Analytics

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Genomics

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Human–Machine Interaction

AR / VR (Reality Continuum)

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Autonomous Vehicles

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Drones

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Advanced Engineering

3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing)

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Biotechnology

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Fusion Power

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Nanotechnology

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Robotics

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However, technology alone is not enough. To thrive in the Fourth Industrial Revolution, companies must ensure that their workers are properly equipped through upskilling and reskilling. Upskilling involves employees learning new skills to adapt to evolving job requirements, while reskilling involves retraining workers with new skills that enable them to fill different positions within their companies. The outlook on reskilling varies geographically, but it remains crucial as disruptive technologies continue to transform job requirements.

4IR and the Aerospace Industry

Aerospace & Defense 4.0 refers to the application of Industry 4.0 technologies within the aerospace and defense (A&D) industry. The objectives of Aerospace & Defense 4.0 include: developing new cost-effective products and services; enhancing existing products by making them smarter using sensors and connectivity; leveraging advanced manufacturing processes like additive manufacturing (3D printing).

Challenges and Opportunities

While 84% of A&D executives recognize the importance of digital technologies for market differentiation, only a quarter of A&D companies currently use these technologies effectively. Challenges include designing new products and business models, with new delivery models being a top concern. A&D companies should prioritize Industry 4.0 across their entire enterprise to stay competitive in today’s digital era.

In summary, Aerospace & Defense 4.0 aims to transform the A&D industry through technology adoption, innovation, and digital transformation.

The Fifth Industrial Revolution (IR 5.0)

This Revolution, also known as Industry 5.0, represents a new and emerging phase of industrialization. Here are the key points:

Human-Technology Collaboration

Industry 5.0 envisions humans working alongside advanced technology and A.I.-powered robots. Rather than replacing humans, these technologies enhance workplace processes by augmenting human capabilities.

Human-Centric Focus

Unlike previous industrial revolutions, Industry 5.0 places a stronger emphasis on human well-being. It aims to create a harmonious balance between technology and people, ensuring that technological advancements benefit humanity as a whole.

Resilience and Sustainability

Industry 5.0 seeks to improve resilience in the face of challenges (such as pandemics or supply chain disruptions) while also promoting sustainability. This includes sustainable practices, waste reduction, and environmental consciousness.

Integration of Technologies

The Fifth Industrial Revolution involves the fusion of various technologies, including:

Artificial Intelligence (AI): Enhancing decision-making and automation.
Robotics: Collaborative robots (cobots) working alongside humans.
Internet of Things (IoT): Connecting devices and systems.
Biotechnology: Advancements in healthcare and life sciences.
Renewable Energy: Transitioning to cleaner energy sources.

Ethical Business Models

Industry 5.0 encourages ethical business practices. It’s not just about profit; purpose-driven approaches are essential. Companies must consider environmental impact, social responsibility, and governance (ESG) to create a positive impact on society.

In summary, the Fifth Industrial Revolution aims to combine technological progress with human values, resilience, and sustainability. It’s an exciting era that challenges us to create a better future for all.